Comparison of survival outcomes according of patients with metastatic gastric cancer receiving trastuzumab with systemic chemotherapy
Article information
Abstract
Purpose
Currently, trastuzumab plus chemotherapy is the standard first-line therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (mGC) or esophagogastric junction cancer. However, it is not clear whether the prognosis of HER2-positive mGC treated with trastuzumab plus chemotherapy is better than that of HER2-negative mGC treated with chemotherapy as the first-line therapy.
Methods
We performed a retrospective study comparing the prognosis of mGC according to first-line treatment with trastuzumab plus chemotherapy or chemotherapy only, at the Korea Cancer Center Hospital from 2011 to 2018. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used for univariate and multivariate survival analyses.
Results
The median overall survival of trastuzumab group was 26.1 months and that of chemotherapy group was 14.8 months (P=0.047). Trastuzumab group had a longer median progression-free survival than chemotherapy group (23.4 vs. 9.2 months, P=0.026). By univariate analysis, sex, age, World Health Organization (WHO) histology, HER2 status, primary tumor site, extent of disease, number of lesions, number of metastatic, measurability of disease, prior gastrectomy, and chemotherapy group are statistically significant. Using multivariate analysis, number of lesions, number of metastatic, prior gastrectomy, and trastuzumab group (hazard ratio, 0.594; 95% confidence interval, 0.384–0.921; P=0.020) were found to be independent prognostic factors of overall survival.
Conclusion
The result suggests prognosis of HER2-positive mGC treated by trastuzumab plus chemotherapy could be better than that of HER2-negative mGC treated by chemotherapy only. Well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm the results of this study. HER2 testing should be performed routinely in all patients newly diagnosed with mGC.
INTRODUCTION
Gastric cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death [1]. In 2015, gastric cancer accounted for approximately 783,000 deaths, as estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2]. Most gastric cancer-related deaths are caused by metastasis or recurrence to the peritoneal surface, liver, and distant lymph nodes [3]. Systemic chemotherapy prolongs the survival of patients with recurrent, advanced, or metastatic gastric cancer (mGC). Palliative chemotherapy provides a better quality of life than the best supportive care alone for patients with mGC [3]. Therefore, systemic chemotherapy is generally accepted as the standard treatment of mGC.
Currently, several chemical agents, such as platinum, fluoropyrimidine, taxane, and irinotecan, are available to treat gastric cancer. Although randomized studies have not clearly shown which combination regimen is the most efficient for treating mGC, the platinum plus fluoropyrimidine regimen is generally recommended as a first-line therapy for this condition [4]. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric cancer has been studied extensively. Therefore, target therapy to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer has been established as the first-line therapy based on the Phase III Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer (ToGA) trial [5,6]. Trastuzumab in combination with capecitabine or fluorouracil plus cisplatin has been the standard first-line therapy for patients with HER2-positive advanced or mGC or esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer [7,8].
HER2 overexpression, determined by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody (HercepTest) and/or gene amplification by in situ hybridization, has been detected in 13%–22% of gastric or EGJ cancers; moreover, HER2-positive frequency is higher in EGJ cancers than in gastric cancers and in intestinal type than in diffuse type, according to the Lauren classification [9–11]. Although the clinical implications and prognostic effects of HER2 in breast cancer have been well documented, these are unclear in gastric and EGJ cancers [10–15]. HER2 positivity was not an independent prognostic factor among patients with mGCs and EGJ cancers who received first-line chemotherapy without trastuzumab [16]. The ToGA trial showed that trastuzumab plus chemotherapy prolonged overall survival (OS) among patients with HER2-positive gastric and EGJ cancers. However, it is not clear whether the survival of patients with HER2-positive gastric and EGJ cancers treated with trastuzumab-based first-line chemotherapy is better than that of patients with HER2-negative gastric and EGJ cancers treated with other first-line chemotherapy regimens [17,18].
This retrospective study aimed to compare the prognosis of HER2-positive metastatic, recurrent, or advanced gastric/EGJ cancers treated with trastuzumab with that of HER2-negative metastatic, recurrent, or advanced gastric/EGJ cancers treated with other chemotherapies.
METHODS
Patient and data collection
We recruited 1,086 patients with gastric cancer from July 2011 to June 2018. In total, 532 patients received palliative chemotherapy. Of these, 10 were treated mainly for other cancers (one of liver and nine of lung cancers). Of the patients that received palliative chemotherapy, 522 were hospitalized for gastric cancer. Among these gastric cancer patients, 89 were excluded from the study because they received radiotherapy, while four patients were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Thus, 429 patients were selected for our study. These patients underwent palliative chemotherapy for mGC in the Department of Surgery, Department of Hematooncology, and Department of Gastroenterology of Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea. We selected patients with mGC who underwent palliative chemotherapy regardless of success following the 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer guidelines. Finally, 381 patients received only chemotherapy and 48 received chemotherapy and trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapy.
We collected and retrospectively analyzed patient clinical data including age (patients were grouped as older and younger than 65 years), sex, presence of metastasis or tumor recurrence, use of trastuzumab, primary tumor location (circumferential or longitudinal), metastatic location, WHO classification, WHO grade, Bormann type, underwent or did not undergo tumor reduction operation, and lymph node invasion and differentiation. We compared patients treated who received trastuzumab or other therapeutic regimens for clinical, progression-free survival (PFS), and OS data. Furthermore, the analysis was extended to compare patients with HER2-positive, HER2-negative, or HER2-unknown mGC.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Korea Cancer Center Hospital (IRB No. 2018-08-005) and performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was waived.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Korean version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression analysis, and chi-square test. Result with a P-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
This study was conducted at the Korea Cancer Center Hospital from July 2011 to June 2018. Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics of patients. Of the total, 48 patients received trastuzumab plus capecitabine/cisplatin (XP), and 381 received other chemotherapy regimens. The median patient age in the two groups at the index date was 65.5 and 64.0 years, respectively. Over two-thirds of the patients were male. Few variables differed significantly between the two groups: patients in the trastuzumab plus XP group were more cohesive (P<0.001), had HER2-positive cancers (P<0.001), and had a smaller number of lesions (P=0.046) than those in the other-regimen group. The primary tumor site, extent of disease, number of metastatic sites, measurability of disease, prior gastrectomy, and chemotherapy response were not significantly different between the two groups. The OS and PFS were significantly higher in the trastuzumab plus XP group than in the other group (26.1 and 14.8 months [P=0.047] vs. 23.4 and 9.2 months [P=0.011]).
On univariate survival analyses, sex, age, WHO histology, HER2 status, primary tumor site, extent of disease, number of lesions, number of metastatic sites, measurability of disease, prior gastrectomy, and chemotherapy regimen are significantly associated with OS (Table 2). According to the multivariate survival analyses, trastuzumab group remained as a significant prognostic factor and showed remarkably better survival than other-regimen group (hazard ratio, 0.594; 95% confidence interval, 0.384–0.921; P= 0.020). And patients with small number of lesions, small metastatic sites, and history of prior gastrectomy also showed significantly better prognosis (Table 2).
According to Kaplan-Meier curves, the median OS of patients when trastuzumab was included as the first-line agent with chemotherapy (26.1 months) was significantly different (P=0.047) from that of patients who received only chemotherapy (14.8 months). Similarly, the median PFS of patients receiving trastuzumab plus chemotherapy (23.4 months) was significantly different from that of patients receiving only chemotherapy (9.2 months, P=0.026) (Fig. 1).
A more detailed analysis was conducted by classifying the patients into HER2-positive (n=59), HER2-negative (n=259), and HER2-unknown groups (n=111). According to Kaplan-Meier curves, the median OS was 23.9 months in the HER2-positive group, 16.1 months in the HER2-negative group, and 14.6 months in the HER2-unknown group (P=0.151). The median PFS was 21.6 months in the HER2-positive group, 10.3 months in the HER2-negative group, and 8.9 months in the HER2-unknown group (P=0.086) (Fig. 2).
Considering the high P-values obtained in these analyses (P= 0.151 and P=0.086), we classified to combine the HER-negative and HER2-unknown groups and repeated the analysis with only two groups: HER2-positive (n=59) and HER2-negative/unknown groups (n=370). According to Kaplan-Meier curves, the median OS was not significantly different between the HER2-positive (23.9 months) and HER2-negative/unknown groups (14.7 months, P=0.052). In contrast, a significant difference was noted regarding the median PFS between the HER2-positive (21.6 months) and HER2-negative/unknown groups (9.2 months, P=0.034) (Fig. 3).
OS and PFS rates between patients with HER-positive gastric cancer with trastuzumab and those treated with other therapeutics. Median OS time of the patients who received trastuzumab was 26.1 months and of those who did not receive trastuzumab was 14.8 months (P=0.047). Patients who received trastuzumab had longer median PFS time than those who did not receive it (23.4 months vs. 9.2 months, P=0.026) (Fig. 4).
DISCUSSION
HER2 is a membrane-bound HER involved in the transmission of key signals controlling cell growth and survival. It is expressed in many epithelial tissues such as the breast, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and heart. HER2 protein overexpression or HER2 gene amplification plays a key role in transformation and tumorigenesis that leads to the development of breast, colon, bladder, ovary, endometrium, lung, uterine cervix, head and neck, esophagus, and gastric carcinomas [19–21].
HER2 overexpression and amplification have been detected in 10%–34% of invasive breast cancers; HER2-positive breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis and is a predictive factor of poor response to chemotherapy and endocrine therapies [6]. HER2 overexpression and gene amplification have been reported in 13%–22% of gastric and EGJ cancers. HER2 positivity is noted at a higher incidence in EGJ cancers than in gastric cancers and similarly in the intestinal type than in the diffuse type [9–11]. Few studies reported that HER2 positivity was associated with a significantly worse prognosis in gastric and EGJ cancers [9,10,22–24], whereas other studies suggested no significant association between HER2 positivity and prognosis [15,25,26]. Therefore, the clinical implication and prognosis based on HER2 status in gastric and EGJ cancers remain unclear [10,12–15].
HER2 is a member of the HER family that includes HER1, HER3, and HER4. It has no natural ligand and lacks an extracellular ligand-binding domain; however, ligand binding to HER1, HER3, or HER4 leads to rapid receptor dimerization with HER2, which is a strongly preferred dimerization partner. HER2 heterodimers such as HER1–HER2, HER2–HER3, and HER2–HER4 strongly trigger the phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and activate subsequent intracellular signal cascade, including Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK cascades. In addition, the HER2–HER3 heterodimer has a more profound effect than either the HER2 or HER3 homodimer because it can also strongly activate the PI3K-Akt pathway [27]. In addition, in HER-2 positive cancers, HER2 spontaneously forms homodimers in cellular membranes [1,15]. Based on these unique features of HER2 in the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) pathway, HER2-targeted therapy has been extensively studied and established as one of the standard treatments for breast and gastric cancers.
Trastuzumab is a humanized chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody that directly targets the extracellular domain of the HER2 protein. The key therapeutic mechanisms of trastuzumab are suggested to be the inactivation of intracellular HER2 signal cascade pathways, including Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, leading to cell cycle arrest, reduction in angiogenesis, inhibition of extracellular-domain cleavage, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity [28–30]. Trastuzumab has been shown to be effective against both metastatic HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers [17,18].
The ToGA trial was a prospective, phase 3 trial that demonstrated the prolongation of OS with trastuzumab plus chemotherapy [17,18]. The following data compare the general characteristics of the trastuzumab plus chemotherapy group in the ToGA trial with those of the trastuzumab plus chemotherapy group in our single-center study: number of patients, 294 vs. 48; age, 59.4 years vs. 65.5 years; proportion of men, 77% vs. 73%; chemotherapy regimen, 87% vs. 100% for capecitabine and cisplatin, and 13% vs. 0% for fluorouracil and cisplatin; primary tumor site, stomach: 90% vs. 83%, gastroesophageal junction: 20% vs. 17%; and patients with metastatic disease at study entry, 97 vs. 85%. The survival data from the ToGA trial and our study were as follows: median OS, 13.8 vs. 26.1 months; PFS, 6.7 months vs. 23.4 months; and overall response rate, 47% vs. 72.9%. These findings showed remarkable differences between patients in the groups receiving trastuzumab plus chemotherapy; however, the median OS (11.1 months vs. 14.8 months) and PFS (5.5 months vs. 9.2 months) showed considerable differences between the patient groups receiving chemotherapy only in the two studies. The good survival results of this study might be mainly attributed to the high proportion of ISH-positive/IHC 3+patients in this study (58% vs. ToGA trial 45%) and the recent advances in the chemotherapy and target therapy of metastatic gastric and EGJ cancer.
Before trastuzumab became available, HER2 positivity itself was not a significant prognostic factor of patients with metastatic gastric and EGJ cancer [16]. Even now, it is still not clear whether the survival of patients with HER2-positive gastric and EGJ cancers treated with trastuzumab-based first-line chemotherapy is better than that of patients with HER2-negative gastric and EGJ cancers treated with other chemotherapies [17,18]. The results of this study suggest that the survival of patients with HER2-positive gastric and EGJ cancers could be better than that of patients with HER2-negative gastric and EGJ cancers when the former receive trastuzumab-based chemotherapy.
We acknowledge that there are many limitations and biases in this study. Furthermore, well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm our study results. More importantly, HER2 testing should be routinely performed in all patients newly diagnosed with advanced or mGCs or EGJ cancers, and trastuzumab-based chemotherapy should be actively administered to patients with HER2-positive gastric and EGJ cancers.
Notes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.