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Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology > Article
Jo, Lee, Song, Han, Jung, Kang, Lee, and Lee: Comparison of clinical outcomes between sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection in a single-center Z0011-eligible breast cancer cohort

ABSTRACT

Purpose

The ACOSOG Z0011 trial has proven the oncological safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLBx) for node negative breast cancer. Accordingly, treatment paradigm including axilla surgery was changed. We retrospectively reviewed breast cancer patients to evaluate the clinical effect of paradigm shift in breast cancer surgery after applying the Z0011 criteria.

Methods

All women who underwent breast-conserving surgery at the National Cancer Center between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2015, were enrolled and classified according to the Z0011 criteria. The primary endpoint of the study was the disease-free survival rates, and the secondary was the adverse events, especially arm lymphedema.

Results

Total 361 patients were enrolled the study (271 axillary lymph node dissection [ALND] group, 90 SLBx group). After the Z0011 guideline was adopted in our institute, the use of ALND decreased, and lymph node sampling (removing only a few axillary lymph nodes) replaced ALND. The total mean number of retrieved nodes were more in ALND group (13.02) than SLBx group (3.43). However, there was no difference in the mean number of positive nodes between two groups (2.34 in ALND group vs. 1.12 in SLBx group, P=0.001). During follow-up, 25 patients experienced disease recurrence: 22 from the ALND group and three from the SLBx group. All of died seven patients were from the ALND group. The ALND group had more complications than the SLBx group (P=0.02). Arm edema occurred more frequently in the ALND group (29.5%) than in the SLBx group (5.6%), although without statistical significance (P=0.07).

Conclusion

In our study, we concluded that SLBx can be used safely in Z0011-eligible cohort without increased risk of locoregional recurrence. Moreover, we found that omission of ALND is favored to reduce some serious complications such as arm lymphedema.

INTRODUCTION

The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLBx) instead of traditional axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was proven to be an efficacious and safe local therapy for node-positive breast cancer by the 2010 ACOSOG Z0011 trial [1,2]. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines have been changed to reflect this study. In 2017, a 10-year follow-up of the Z0011 trial was published [3]. There was no difference in overall or progression-free survival between the SLBx only group and the ALND group in this follow-up study.
After the Z0011 criteria were published, several multifaceted approaches were taken to verify that the criteria could be applied safely. A study in Canada compared cases that met the Z0011 criteria as classified into three groups (before Z0011 publication, after publication, and after guideline dissemination) and found that the proportion of patients undergoing ALND gradually decreased (82% before publication, 58% after publication, and 39% after guideline dissemination) [4]. More than 80% of patients in the Z0011 trial were hormone receptor-positive. Another study evaluated patients with high-risk breast cancer (triple negative or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] positive breast cancer or diagnosed before the age of 40 years). There was no difference in survival rate between ALND and SLBx only groups in high-risk breast cancer patients. It was concluded that Z0011 criteria could be safely applied in high-risk breast cancer [5]. This approach has precedence in Korea through multicenter studies. In 2014, investigators evaluated the effect of SLBx and ALND on survival rate in cases of T1, T2, and node-positive patients. A total of 2,581 patients were enrolled from January 2001 to April 2011 in 110 hospitals. Adding ALND after SLBx did not improve the overall survival rate [6]. Another study from 2010 to 2016 in five hospitals compared ALND with SLBx only in a Z0011-eligible cohort of 1,750 patients with one or two sentinel lymph node metastases. This study confirmed that the omission of ALND does not increase the risk of breast cancer recurrence [7].
National Cancer Center of Korea has adopted and applied the Z0011 criteria from 2012. We retrospectively reviewed all breast cancer surgeries performed since the National Cancer Center began conducting operations for breast cancer. This study illuminates the effect of a paradigm shift in axillary surgery for breast cancer management after the application of Z0011 criteria. Furthermore, we hypothesized that omission of ALND would not affect the local recurrence rate and overall survival in cases within a Z0011-eligible cohort. We demonstrate the safety of applying SLBx over ALND in Z0011-eligible patients, and show that omission of ALND may reduce the incidence of serious complications.

METHODS

Inclusion criteria

All women who underwent surgery for breast cancer at the National Cancer Center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2015, were enrolled and classified according to the Z0011 criteria. A total of 361 patients were enrolled in the study. The need for obtaining patients’ informed consent was waived off due to the retrospective nature of the study.

Exclusion criteria

The following cases were excluded: those converted to mastectomy, those receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, those having dis-continued or not received postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy, those where surgery for recurrent breast cancer occurred, those with tumors ≥5 cm, and those with carcinoma in situ.

Data extraction

Clinical data on surgery and postoperative therapy and follow-up records were retrospectively collected from electronic medical records.

Demographic data

Sex, age at diagnosis, clinical nodal stage, tumor location, type of postoperative chemotherapy, and type of postoperative targeted or hormonal therapy (if applicable) were recorded for all patients. Clinical nodal stage was determined according to pathologic review of preoperative lymph node imaging (mammogram, breast magnetic resonance imaging, breast sonography, positron-emission tomography/computed tomography [CT], chest CT). If one or more imaging modalities showed a suspicious lymph node, it was considered to be positive and excluded from the study.

Operation-related factors

Date of surgery, type of axilla operation, number of retrieved nodes (sentinel/total), and number of positive nodes (sentinel/total) were recorded for all patients. Axilla node sampling is defined as a case in which a sentinel lymph node is manually removed without dissecting axillary lymph nodes when the frozen biopsy is tumor positive. In cases of ALND, the extent of dissection was not included in the study.

Outcome-related factors

Last follow-up date, date of death, and date of recurrence were collected through electronic medical records. Last follow-up date was defined as the last outpatient visit for assessment of the affected breast between the operation date to June 30, 2019. We classified recurrence as either locoregional or distant. Postoperative complications were classified as bleeding, wound infection, seroma, arm edema, or axillary web syndrome. Arm edema was defined by the need for therapy for edema in our rehabilitation clinic. If patients were treated over one year after surgery, we designated it as “persistent edema.” “Transient edema” was defined as the need for treatment being limited to less than one year after surgery.

Statistical analyses

To confirm clinical significance, we divided the patients into two groups depending on whether they had axillary dissection or not (SLBx group vs. ALND group). SLBx group contained in case of SLBx only and/or additional sampling. The primary endpoint of this study was to evaluate the difference in disease-free survival rate between the SLBx group and ALND group. The secondary outcome measures were differences in adverse events between the SLBx group and ALND group, especially the aspect of arm lymphedema. SPSS version 27.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to compare the difference between the SLBx group and the ALND group among patients meeting the Z0011 criteria.
To compare the incidence of surgical complications between the SLBx group and ALND group, we used a chi-square test. Disease-free survival rates were assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve methodology with a P<0.05 significance threshold. Additionally, to identify affecting recurrence, we used a logistic regression method.

RESULTS

Clinicopathological findings

We divided patients between two groups (SLBx group and ALND group). The mean age at diagnosis of all patients was 48.78 years. Consistent with the well-known epidemiology of breast cancer, there was a concentration of patients aged 40 to 49 years. Clinical characteristics were similar between groups (Table 1).
About half of the patients had stage-T2 disease. N1a was the most frequent nodal stage. Of the hormone therapies, tamoxifen was the most commonly used. Twenty-eight patients received hormone therapy with combined selective estrogen receptor modulator and aromatase inhibitor to reduce adverse effects, with two patients discontinuing hormone therapy during the course of treatment. In addition, 10 of the patients who were indicated for trastuzumab therapy did not receive targeted therapy for economic reasons.

Operation data

The mean number of retrieved nodes was 13.02 in the ALND group compared to 3.43 in the SLBx group (P = 0.25). However, there was no difference in the mean number of positive sentinel nodes among the groups (Table 2).
Fig. 1. demonstrates the change in paradigm for axillary operation in breast cancer. After the Z0011 guideline was disseminated in 2012, use of ALND rapidly decreased and lymph node sampling has replaced ALND.

Surgical outcome

Over the 15-year span that we retrospectively studied, only seven patients died from breast cancer, and there were no deaths from any other cause. Twenty-five patients experienced disease recurrence (Table 3). The SLBx group recorded no deaths and only three distant recurrences. Five-year disease-free survival rates were 96.7% in ALND group and 97.9% in SLBx group, but there was no statistical significance (P = 0.526) (Fig. 2).
In addition, we used logistic regression method to evaluate the association among the all patients’ recurrence, total number of retrieved lymph node and metastatic lesion size of lymph node (Table 4). The greater metastatic lesion size, the higher risk of recurrence was seen (P=0.002; odds ratio, 1.10). However, the number of retrieved total lymph nodes was not correlated with recurrence (P=0.085).

Complications

Among patients that experienced adverse events (n=105, 29.1%), there was a significant relationship between type of operation and complication (Table 5). The ALND group suffered from complications more than the SLBx group (P=0.02). Arm edema was the most frequent, being more common in the ALND group than SLBx group. However, the relationship between type of operation and arm edema was non-significant (P=0.07).

DISCUSSION

In the decade since the Z0011 trial was reported, the standard of axillary lymph node management for early breast cancer has changed to be “minimally invasive” [8,9]. Our institute, National Cancer Center in Korea, accepted the new guideline quickly and has applied it in the clinical field since 2012.
The primary purpose of our study was to observe how the axillary approach in the early breast cancer (cT1-2N0) changed according to new guidelines implemented in 2012 according to the Z0011 trial. Studies have shown that when the National Cancer Center began implementing a surgical approach to the management of breast cancer, every breast cancer patient received ALND if sentinel node biopsies were positive. When new guidelines were clinically applied, omission of ALND gradually increased to nearly 30% from 2012 to 2015. To evaluate outcomes associated with the change in guidelines and trend in surgical approach, patients were only followed for 3 years after the application of the guidelines. Since that time, the ALND omission rate has risen much higher for patients who were clinically node-negative but confirmed to be node-positive by intraoperative frozen biopsy.
The total mean number of retrieved lymph nodes differed between ALND and SLBx groups (13.02 and 3.43 nodes, respectively). However, the final pathologic report showed no significant difference in total tumor positive nodes (2.34 and 1.12, respectively). This suggests that additional axillary node dissection may not be clinically significant. We also confirmed that the ALND group did not show improvement in local recurrence compared to the SLBx group. In the SLBx group, there were no local recurrences. Only three people had distant recurrence without local recurrence. Two had triple negative and one had HER2-positive breast cancer. One possible reason for their recurrence may be their high Ki-67 index. In one study, the application of Z0011 criteria and omission of ALND in a high-risk patients (HER2-positive/triple negative breast cancer group) was found to be safe and no one experienced recurrence [5]. The difference between the similarity in this study and our three patients in the SLBx group who experienced distant metastasis was their high Ki-67 index (median Ki-67 index: 22% in high-risk group study vs. 65.6% in our three patients with distant metastasis). These values were much higher than the 14.3% Ki-67 index of our entire SLBx group. The fact that high Ki-67 index is associated with a high rate of recurrence is well known from previous studies [10,11].
Others have confirmed that SLBx group results in fewer wound infections and axillary seroma compared to ALND group with statistical significance [12]. In their study, lymphedema was also reported to be more common in the ALND group than in the SLBx group, although this result was not statistically significant. In our study, there were more complications associated with surgery in the ALND group than the SLBx group. Our ALND group had a higher rate of wound infections and axillary seroma compared to the SLBx group, although without statistical significance. Both persistent and transient arm edema were more common in the ALND group. Specifically, 46% of the lymphedema patients needed treatment for over 1 year in the ALND group.
Our research has clinical significance in that it is the first paper in Korea to verify the paradigm shift in axillary approach in a Z0011-eligible cohort within a single institution. However, there are some limitations to this study. First, the statistical calculation of survival and locoregional recurrence rates were not possible because there was a large difference in the number of patients between the ALND group and the SLBx group. Additionally, there were no deaths or locoregional recurrence in the SLBx group. In addition, patients receiving only SLBx were more likely to be operated on later than the ALND group. Therefore, tracking of these groups for more than 10 years may have resulted in artificially different outcomes. Second, the study retrospectively collected data on death, recurrence, and adverse events using only medical records. Third, the criterion for assessment of persistence of lymphedema of the arm was duration of the edema. The degree of edema was not included this assessment. When data on outcomes affected by new guidelines began to be collected in the early 2000s, our institute did not measure the preoperative arm circumference for all patients, eliminating the possibility of postoperative comparison of this measure.
We conclude that SLBx can be used safely in Z0011-eligible cohort without any increase of the risk of locoregional recurrence. Also, we found omission of ALND is favored to reduce some serious complications such as arm lymphedema in single-center cohort for 15 years.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by National Cancer Center grant NCC-2010242, NCC-1810202 from the National Cancer Center, Republic of Korea.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

REFERENCES

1. Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz P, Leitch AM, et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg 2010;252:426-32.
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2. Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV, Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, et al. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2011;305:569-75.
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3. Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L, Beitsch PD, Brennan MB, Kelemen PR, et al. Effect of axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection on 10-year overall survival among women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;318:918-26.
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4. Tsao MW, Cornacchi SD, Hodgson N, Simunovic M, Thabane L, Cheng J, et al. A population-based study of the effects of a regional guideline for completion axillary lymph node dissection on axillary surgery in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2016;23:3354-64.
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5. Chung A, Gangi A, Mirocha J, Giuliano A. Applicability of the ACOSOG Z0011 criteria in women with high-risk node-positive breast cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22:1128-32.
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6. Park HS, Chae BJ, Song BJ, Jung SS, Han W, Nam SJ, et al. Effect of axillary lymph node dissection after sentinel lymph node biopsy on overall survival in patients with T1 or T2 node-positive breast cancer: report from the Korean Breast Cancer Society. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:1231-6.
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7. Jung J, Han W, Lee ES, Jung SY, Han JH, Noh DY, et al. Retrospectively validating the results of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial in a large Asian Z0011-eligible cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019;175:203-15.
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8. Fraile M, Rull M, Julian FJ, Fuste F, Barnadas A, Llatjos M, et al. Sentinel node biopsy as a practical alternative to axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients: an approach to its validity. Ann Oncol 2000;11:701-5.
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9. Samphao S, Eremin JM, El-Sheemy M, Eremin O. Management of the axilla in women with breast cancer: current clinical practice and a new selective targeted approach. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:1282-96.
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10. Nishimura R, Osako T, Okumura Y, Hayashi M, Toyozumi Y, Arima N. Ki-67 as a prognostic marker according to breast cancer subtype and a predictor of recurrence time in primary breast cancer. Exp Ther Med 2010;1:747-54.
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11. de Azambuja E, Cardoso F, de Castro G Jr, Colozza M, Mano MS, Durbecq V, et al. Ki-67 as prognostic marker in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis of published studies involving 12,155 patients. Br J Cancer 2007;96:1504-13.
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12. Lucci A, McCall LM, Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Reintgen DS, Blumencranz PW, et al. Surgical complications associated with sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) plus axillary lymph node dissection compared with SLND alone in the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Trial Z0011. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3657-63.
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Fig. 1
Change in paradigm for axillary operation in breast cancer for 15 years. ALND, axillary lymph node dissection; SLBx, sentinel lymph node biopsy.
kjco-16-1-18f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Disease-free survival of both group. ALND, axillary lymph node dissection; SLBx, sentinel lymph node biopsy.
kjco-16-1-18f2.jpg
Table 1
Clinicopathological data
Variable Total (n=361) SLBx group (n=90) ALND (n=271)
Age at diagnosis (yr) 48.78±9.23 (31–81)
 30–39 50 (13.8) 15 (16.7) 35 (12.9)
 40–49 156 (43.2) 40 (44.4) 116 (42.8)
 50–59 109 (30.1) 22 (24.4) 87 (32.1)
 60–69 33 (9.1) 9 (10.0) 24 (8.8)
 70–79 12 (3.3) 4 (4.4) 8 (2.9)
 ≥80 1 (0.2) 0 1 (0.3)

Site of breast cancer
 Left 166 (46.0) 40 (44.4) 126 (46.5)
 Right 194 (53.7) 50 (55.6) 144 (53.1)
 Both 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.4)

T stage
 T1a 14 (3.9) 4 (4.4) 10 (3.7)
 T1b 23 (6.4) 4 (4.4) 19 (7.0)
 T1c 140 (38.8) 38 (42.2) 102 (37.6)
 T2 184 (50.9) 44 (48.9) 140 (51.7)

N stage
 N1mi 94 (26.0) 51 (56.6) 43 (15.9)
 N1a 226 (62.6) 38 (42.2) 188 (69.4)
 N1b 5 (1.4) 1 (1.1) 4 (1.5)
 N2a 27 (7.5) 0 27 (9.9)
 N3a 9 (2.5) 0 9 (3.3)

Final stage
 Stage IB 28 (7.8) 23 (25.6) 5 (1.8)
 Stage IIA 139 (38.5) 25 (27.8) 114 (42.1)
 Stage IIB 160 (44.3) 42 (46.7) 118 (43.5)
 Stage IIIA 26 (7.2) 0 26 (9.6)
 Stage IIIC 8 (2.2) 0 8 (3.0)

Cell type
 Invasive ductal carcinoma 329 (91.1) 75 (83.3) 254 (93.7)
 Invasive lobular carcinoma 16 (4.4) 8 (8.9) 8 (2.9)
 Othersa) 16 (4.4) 7 (7.8) 9 (3.3)

Lymphatic invasion
 Yes 273 (75.6) 59 (65.6) 214 (79.0)
 No 87 (24.1) 31 (34.4) 56 (20.7)
 Unknownb) 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.4)

Vascular invasion
 Yes 21 (5.8) 2 (2.2) 19 (7.0)
 No 339 (93.9) 88 (97.8) 251 (92.6)
 Unknownb) 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.4)

Ki-67 (%) 12.06 8.25 11.91

Immunohistochemistry
 Luminal A 290 (80.3) 68 (75.6) 222 (81.9)

 Luminal B 30 (8.3) 10 (11.1) 20 (7.4)
 HER2-positive 20 (5.5) 5 (5.6) 15 (5.5)
 Triple negative 21 (5.8) 7 (7.8) 5.2 (14)
 No. of receiving target therapy 38 (10.5) 14 (15.6) 24 (8.9)
 No. of receiving hormone therapy 325 (90.0) 80 (88.9) 245 (90.4)

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation (range) or number (%).

SLBx, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND, axillary lymph node dissection; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

a) Eight cases of invasive cribriform carcinoma, five cases of invasive micropapillary carcinoma, three cases of mucinous carcinoma.

b) Only one case, lymphatic and vascular invasion of tumor were not evaluated in pathology.

Table 2
Lymph node status of patients
Lymph node status Total (n=361) SLBx group (n=90) ALND (n=271) P-value
Retrieval sentinel node 2.18±1.30 (1–10) 2.13±1.18 (1–5) 2.19±1.34 (1–10) 0.71
Positive sentinel node 1.15±0.37 (1–2) 1.04±0.29 (1–2) 1.18±0.38 (1–2) 0.001
Retrieved total node 10.63±6.65 (1–34) 3.43±2.24 (1–11) 13.02±5.86 (1–34) 0.25
Positive total node 2.04±2.90 (1–29) 1.12±0.36 (1–3) 2.34±3.28 (1–29) 0.001
Size of metastatic carcinoma (mm) 5.33±4.84 (0.1–30.0) 2.59±2.52 (0.1–10) 6.26±5.08 (0.2–30.0) 0.72

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation (range).

SLBx, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND, axillary lymph node dissection.

Table 3
Death and recurrence for 15 years
Variable Total (n=361) SLBx group (n=90) ALND (n=271) P-value
Total period of follow-up (mo) 94.38 (17–209) 69.57 (40–194) 101.38 (17–209) 0.21

No recurrence 336 (93.1) 87 (96.7) 249 (91.9) 0.08

Recurrence 25 (6.9) 3 (3.3) 22 (8.1) 0.15

Locoregional 10 (2.8) 0 10 (3.7) 0.06

Distant 25 (6.9) 3 (3.3) 22 (8.1) 0.1

Death 7 (1.9) 0 7 (2.5) 0.02

Locoregional recurrence site
 Ipsilateral axilla LN 4 (1.1) 0 4 (1.5)
 Ipsilateral intramammary LN 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.3)
 Ipsilateral subclavian LN 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.3)
 Remnant breast 4 (1.1) 0 4 (1.5)

Distant recurrence sitea)
 Bone 11 (3.0) 0 11 (4.0)
 Lung 13 (3.6) 3 (3.3) 10 (3.7)
 Liver 6 (1.6) 0 6 (2.2)
 Brain 3 (0.8) 1 (1.1) 2 (0.7)
 Pleura 5 (1.4) 0 5 (1.8)
 Distant lymph node 6 (1.6) 2 (2.2) 4 (1.5)
 Contralateral breast 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.3)

Time to death from diagnosis (mo) 61.32 (31–154)

Time to death from recurrence (mo) 27.33±14.55 (16–55)

Values are presented as mean (range), number (%), or mean±standard deviation (range).

SLBx, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND, axillary lymph node dissection; LN, lymph node.

a) Contains cases where two or more sites of distant recurrence at the same time.

Table 4
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of recurrence risk factors
Risk factor P-value OR (95% CI)
Type of axilla approach 0.663 1.375 (0.328–5.757)
Complications 0.675 0.837 (0.364–1.926)
No. of retrieval sentinel lymph node 0.265 1.176 (0.884–1.566)
No. of positive sentinel lymph node 0.909 1.061 (0.383–2.945)
No. of retrieval total lymph node 0.085 1.051 (0.993–1.113)
No. of positive total lymph node 0.297 1.027 (0.917–1.150)
Size of metastatic carcinoma of lymph node 0.002a) 1.106 (1.038–1.113)

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

a) P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Table 5
Surgical complications
Complications Total (n=361) SLBx group (n=90) ALND (n=271) P-value
Complication 0.02
 Yes 105 (29.1) 10 (11.1) 97 (35.8)
 No 256 (70.9) 80 (89.9) 174 (64.2)

Type of complicationsa) 0.65
 Wound infection 6 (1.6) 1 (1.1) 5 (1.8) 0.09
 Seroma 3 (0.8) 0 3 (1.1) 0.17
 Bleeding 1 (0.3) 2 (2.2) 0 0.23

Arm edema 85 (23.5) 5 (5.6) 80 (29.5) 0.07
 Persistent 40 (11.1) 3 (3.3) 37 (13.6)
 Transient 45 (12.5) 2 (2.2) 43 (15.9)

Axillary web syndrome 13 (3.6) 2 (2.2) 11 (4.0) 0.36

Values are presented as number (%).

SLBx, sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND, axillary lymph node dissection.

a) Contains cases where two or more complications at the same time.

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